ADJUVANT	DESCRIPTION	MANUFACTURER	AVEG PROTOCOLS
Alum [various preparations]	Aluminum phosphate	MicroGeneSys	002, 002A, 002B 003, 003A, 003B 102
	Aluminum hydroxide and thimerosal	Genentech             VaxGen	006, 009, 010 013B Extension 014C 016, 016A, 016B 027 028 104 201 036
	Aluminum hydroxide gel and thimerosal	UBI	011 017 018 023
	Aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel)	Superflos	015
	Alum + deoxycholate (DOC); Aluminum hydroxide, deoxycholate and thimerosal	IMMUNO-AG	004, 004A, 004B 010 013A, 013B
Alum-adsorbed liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A	This adjuvant preparation consists of liposomes made of phospholipids and cholesterol and contains monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). A histologic assessment of the reactivity of alum-adsorbed liposomes containing lipid A administered either IM or IV was performed in mice. At 72 hours, an inflammatory response was noted with a predominance of macrophages containing phagocytized lipid material. Liposomes have been administered to over 200 individuals primarily for diagnostic, biodistribution, and therapeutic studies since the mid-1970s with no major difficulties.	Walter Reed Army Institute of Research	015
Bupivacaine	Bupivacaine-HCI is an amide-type local anesthetic agent, formulated with the DNA-plasmid vaccine as a facilitating agent, in a citrate buffer solution containing 0.25% bupivacaine-HCI.	Apollon	031 033
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)	Recombinant human (rhu) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Leukine)® is produced by recombinant DNA technology in yeast from a DNA sequence obtained from human T cells using a murine GM-CSF cDNA probe. The amino acid sequence differs from the natural substance by a leucine substitution at position 23.	Immunex	033
Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA)	Mineral oil + mannose monooleate	Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics	020
MF59 ± MTP-PE	The adjuvant emulsion, MTP-PE/MF59, contains a muramyl tripeptide (MTP) linked covalently with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and MF59, a microfluidized oil-in-water emulsion. This emulsion, the adjuvant for the HIV-1 SF-2 rgp120, consists of 0.5% polysorbate 80 (Tween 80, polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate) and 0.5% sorbitan trioleate (Span 85, Arlacel 85) in a citrate buffer. Squalene (5%), a metabolizable lipid, constitutes the oil phase. For most studies, the preparation contains MF59 without MTP-PE.	Ciba/Geigy	005A, 005B, 005C 007A, 007B, 007C 008 010 012A, 012B 015 022, 022A 024 026 029 032 103, 103A, 103B 201 202
Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL)	Bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), and specifically its active moiety, lipid A, has been shown to be a potent immunologic adjuvant. Native dephosphorylated lipid A (DPL) is reactogenic and pyrogenic; however, simple chemical modifications to DPL result in nontoxic preparations which retain the adjuvant activity of DPL. The adjuvant to be employed in these studies is lipid A purified from Salmonella minnesota R595. Purified native lipid A is detoxified by removal of the phosphate group from the reducing end of the disaccharide back-bone of DPL by acid hydrolysis, producing MPL. Monophosphoryl lipid A is further detoxified by 3-O-deacylation with mild alkaline hydrolysis. Monophosphoryl lipid A at 50 µg per dose will be formulated with antigen in a 0.25% squalene emulsion.	RIBI	015
Polyphosphazene (PCPP)	Polyphosphazene (PCPP) is a synthetic microsphere hydrogel adjuvant developed for mucosal immunization. It is a white, odorless powder with a molecular weight of 3-10,000 kD. Vaccination of mice with PCPP resulted in sustained, high tier antibody, largely IgG1. After mucosal immunization, both IgG and IgA responses were induced and sustained.	Pasteur Merieux Connaught	034
QS21 ± alum	The QS21 adjuvant is a nontoxic saponin derived from the soapbark tree Quillaja saponaria6. The product is within the retentate of 10,000 MW filtration and aqueous extraction, and is further purified by organic solvents, silica chromatography, and reverse phase chromatography. Purity has been verified by reverse phase HPLC, measurement of endotoxin bioburden (<10 EU/mg), and removal of water (<5%) and solvents. With a molecular weight of 1990 kD, the molecule contains 8 monosaccharides, 2 fatty acids, and a triterpene aldehyde at C4. The fatty acids and aldehyde structures appear to contribute to the adjuvant properties, and the amphipathic molecule forms micelles at a concentration of 35 µM at pH 7.0.	Genentech VaxGen	016, 016A, 016B 036
SAF-m Adjuvant ± MDP	The Syntex adjuvant formulation (SAF-m) is an emulsion consisting of squalane, Pluronic L121 block polymer and Tween 80 in phosphate-buffered saline. Various preparations of the SAF-m adjuvant with and without threonyl muramyl dipeptide (Termutide; N-acetylmuramyl-L-threonyl-D-Isoglutamine; MDP) have been tested in humans, guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, goats, baboons, and monkeys. In these studies, the SAF-m adjuvant, in combination with influenza, HSV gD2, and HIV-1 immunogens, has shown superior immunogenicity to that of alum and in some cases to that of MF59.	BIOCINE	015